Crise sanitária e atenção primária: a atuação de assistentes sociais nos territórios

Este artigo focaliza a atuação de assistentes sociais na atenção primária em saúde (APS), na pandemia do Covid-19. Discute a crise sanitária, problematizando a ofensiva ultraneoliberal e suas implicações na atenção primária em saúde cuja potencialidade assistencial foi esvaziada por meio de várias medidas tomadas pelo Governo Federal, como mudanças na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica e o Previne Brasil. Foi realizada pesquisa nos Anais do IX Congresso Nacional de Serviço Social em Saúde, destacando trabalhos sobre APS. Foi desenvolvida análise com base no materialismo-histórico-dialético, considerando a historicidade, mediações e contradições. Foram identificados desafios à atuação profissional, como o uso de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), o teletrabalho, a precarização da política de saúde. Entre as estratégias de ação utilizadas destacam-se: ações educativas, articulação com a rede socioassistencial, entre outras. Considera-se que a negação de direitos como método governamental distancia o horizonte emancipatório do projeto ético-político da profissão.Alternate :The article focuses on the role of social workers in primary health care (PHC) during the covid-19 pandemic. It discusses the health crisis, questioning the ultra-neoliberal offensive and its implications for primary health care, which its care potential has been emptied, through various measures taken by the Federal Government, such as changes in the National Primary Care Policy and Previne Brasil. Research was carried out in the Annals of the IX National Congress of Social Service in Health, highlighting works on PHC. An analysis was developed based on dialectical-historical-materialism, considering historicity, mediations and contradictions. Challenges to professional performance were identified, such as the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), teleworking, and the precariousness of health policy. Among the action strategies used, the following stand out: educational actions, articulation with the social assistance network, among others. It is considered that the denial of rights as a governmental method distances the emancipatory horizon from the ethical-political project of the profession.

Bioprotection of Transportation and Facilities from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to a nearly world-wide shelter-in-place strategy. This raises several natural concerns about the safe relaxing of current restrictions. This article focuses on the design and operation of heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in the context of transportation. Do HVAC systems have a role in limiting viral spread? During shelter-in-place, can the HVAC system in a dwelling or a vehicle help limit spread of the virus? After the shelter-in-place strategy ends, can typical workplace and transportation HVAC systems limit spread of the virus? This article directly addresses these and other questions. In addition, it also summarizes simplifying assumptions needed to make meaningful predictions. This article derives new results using transform methods first given in Ginsberg and Bui. These new results describe viral spread through an HVAC system and estimate the aggregate dose of virus inhaled by an uninfected building or vehicle occupant when an infected occupant is present within the same building or vehicle. Central to these results is the derivation of a quantity called the "protection factor"-a term-of-art borrowed from the design of gas masks. Older results that rely on numerical approximations to these differential equations have long been lab validated. This article gives the exact solutions in fixed infrastructure for the first time. These solutions, therefore, retain the same lab validation of the older methods of approximation. Further, these exact solutions yield valuable insights into HVAC systems used in transportation.

The Public Health Response of the US Federal Government to the Coronavirus Crisis and the Narrative of Donald J. Trump

Since first coming to the attention of the global public in January 2020, few countries in the world have been as severely impacted by the novel coronavirus as the United States. Though it holds just four per cent of the world's total population, as of mid-2020 the US leads the world with a quarter of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. Despite this dire situation, the Administration of President Donald J. Trump has frequently downplayed the severity of the virus, and Trump himself has often relayed misinformation to the American public about both the virus itself and his Administration's response to it. Accordingly, independent analysis has ranked the US last in "fact-based communications” about the coronavirus when compared to other nations with advanced economies. This chapter provides a chronological overview of how the coronavirus pandemic has unfolded in the US through September 2020, with a particular focus on the various comments made by President Trump. By drawing on Trump's many public statements, the chapter pieces together the narrative that Trump has constructed about the coronavirus crisis and examines that narrative in light of the broader public health response of the US federal government to the pandemic. In concluding, it finds that Trump's narrative has been erratic, divisive, and misleading and that this, combined with a chaotic federal response to the crisis, has undermined public health in the United States. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.

Reopening to the world: how safety, normality and trust in government shape young adults' COVID-19 vaccine intentions

During the COVID-19 pandemic, and particularly 2020-2021, young adults were often significant transmitters of the virus. Prior to the availability of vaccines for young adults, we sought to understand what would contribute to their uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine and how government policy might intervene. We undertook qualitative interviews between February and April 2021 with 19 participants (aged 18-29) in Perth, Western Australia. Despite Western Australians' lives changing little during the pandemic, almost all wanted to receive a vaccine. Motivating factors included protecting themselves and others and having life return to normal. Participants' significant levels of trust in the state government response to the pandemic did not extend to the Federal government. This research uncovers what influences young people to receive new vaccinations, how trust in governments develops, and how ideas of normality and safety influence vaccine demand.Alternate :在新冠疫情其间，尤其是2020-2021年，年轻人往往成为病毒的传播者。在新冠疫苗普及到年轻人之前，我们试图了解哪些因素会有利于他们接种新冠疫苗，以及政府应该如何进行干预。我们在2021年2月至4月间对西澳大利亚帕斯市的19位参与者做了定性访谈。虽然西澳大利亚人的生活在疫情其间变化甚小，但几乎所有人都希望接种疫苗。原因包括保护自己及他人、让生活回到常轨。参与者对州政府应对疫情的做法有显著的信任，但不延及联邦政府。本文揭示了哪些东西影响了年轻人接受新疫苗、对政府的信任如何形成、以及正常观与安全观如何影响对疫苗的需求。

Valuing Medical Innovation

[...]linking government reimbursement rates to private-sector prices causes firms to raise prices for nongovernment payers in order to extract larger sums from Medicare and Medicaid. The first is market exclusivity: the combination of patent rights and other statutory mechanisms that allow firms to block competitors for a fixed period.10 The second-largely overlooked by legal scholarship until recently11-is federally subsidized health insurance: principally Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Health Administration coverage, and subsidized health insurance plans provided through Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces. Vaccines generate large positive externalities by providing herd immunity, but in a market-based system, vaccine manufacturers can typically charge only the patients who receive their vaccines, not the other members of the population who benefit from herd immunity.18 Moreover, the benefits of risk-reducing products such as vaccines often vary from person to person, but vaccine manufacturers generally can't tailor their prices to individual risk.19 So although vaccines are hugely valuable to society, our market-exclusivity-based reward structure allows vaccine makers to capture only a tiny sliver of their products' social value-with the consequence that firms invest less in vaccines than in other drugs that yield larger profits but smaller social benefits. Cancer prevention provides another vivid illustration of the failures of the U.S. drug pricing system. Since the 1970s, drugs designed to prevent cancer have accounted for only around 196 of all cancer-drug clinical trials, and drugs designed to treat cancer before it spreads to surrounding tissues have accounted for an even smaller share.20 One likely source of this skew is the shorter period of effective market exclusivity for preventives and early-stage treatments.

The lived experience of African American women leaders concerning intersectionality and the methodologies they utilize to overcome barriers to leadership

African American women face barriers that prevent them from obtaining leadership positions. As a result, African American women are underrepresented in leadership positions. During the midst of the Coronavirus (COVID) Pandemic in 2020, the participation rate for African American women was 58.8% in the labor force, compared to all women, which was 56.2%. However, African American women only represented 1.4% of C-Suite, leadership positions. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of 10 African American women leaders at the GS-14 and GS-15 grade level. The participants were supervisors who worked at federal government agencies in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area. The conceptual framework encompasses leadership, intersectionality, and methodologies to overcome barriers to leadership. The research questions are "What is the lived experience of African American women leaders concerning intersectionality? and "What are the methodologies they utilize to overcome barriers to leadership?" Those who will benefit from this study include African American women aspiring to leadership positions and organizational leaders who aim to better understand the barriers that African American women face. The findings reflected how African American women leaders described their lived experiences and the methodologies they utilized to overcome barriers to leadership. Based on the findings, African American women leaders should continue to strive for equity in the workplace and should have the same opportunities as all counterparts. However, to further inclusion, more support needs to be provided to African American women in the workplace through organizational support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Prime Minister Versus the Premiers: COVID and the Premiers' popularity

The National Cabinet, designed as a much more agile, flexible and dynamic alternative to the former Council of Australian Governments' (COAG) approach, initially brought a sense of policy cohesion and unanimity of purpose to the national conversation around COVID-19, reassuring the public that all was in hand. The prospect of spending two weeks in isolation was challenging for some people who exhibited mental health symptoms. [...]Australia did have its own program in Queensland, but it was abandoned due to complications in the early trials which related to false positives. Australia's constitution, little known and even less understood, retains state governments' operational control over public health, law and order, education, and most emergency services.

Economic impact of government intervention in response to covid-19 in selected sub-Saharan African countries

This article provides insights into the economic impact of government actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in selected Sub-Saharan Africa countries, purposively selected. A fixed-effect modelling approach was utilised drawing on Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) database from January 21 to September 17, 2020, in South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Uganda. Key findings entail those announcements of government lockdowns were positively related to COVID-19 cases and negatively related to restrictions on internal movement and interest rate decisions from the central banks. Governments' announcements regarding income support packages and debt relief were related to the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. With most global economies grappling with a second wave, and the consequences of the first surge in both social well-being and economic growth, income and debt relief strategies should be continued to benefit households and companies. In addition, countries in the Africa-Sub Saharan region must create a relief fund to support members in distress. Finally, a sustainable regional model on business and tourism must be created to foster development and growth during periods of partial or total lockdown. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Development Southern Africa is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Too Much of a Good Thing? Australian Cash Transfer Replacement Rates During the Pandemic

During the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 the Australian federal government temporarily expanded the level of cash relief available to the working‐age population through supplemental benefit payments, a wage subsidy and allowing lump sum withdrawals from private pensions. Here we examine the scope and direct distributional consequences of these measures. Two in five working‐age Australians received at least one of these three forms of transfer over a 12‐month window. The median recipient had close to half their pre‐COVID‐19 income ‘replaced' by transfers. The programs interacted to create a two‐tier welfare safety net that put in place a poverty‐alleviating income floor for workers in low‐earning occupations and those on unemployment benefits, and provided job certainty and greater direct income support to those with higher incomes. Aggregate weekly incomes were higher during the initial period of COVID‐19 than they were pre‐COVID‐19. Descriptive exercises, such as this, do not provide information about the ‘impact' of pandemic policies and are limited to what they directly measure. That noted, we raise an important question for decision‐makers facing future shocks: at what point is there ‘too much of a good thing' with crisis cash transfers?

Leveraging federalism for flexible and robust management of social-ecological systems

Managing social-ecological systems (SES) requires balancing the need to tailor actions to local heterogeneity and the need to work over large areas to accommodate the extent of SES. This balance is particularly challenging for policy since the level of government where the policy is being developed determines the extent and resolution of action.We make the case for a new research agenda focused on ecological federalism that seeks to address this challenge by capitalizing on the flexibility afforded by a federalist system of governance. Ecological federalism synthesizes the environmental federalism literature from law and economics with relevant ecological and biological literature to address a fundamental question: What aspects of SES should be managed by federal governments and which should be allocated to decentralized state governments?This new research agenda considers the bio-geo-physical processes that characterize state-federal management tradeoffs for biodiversity conservation, resource management, infectious disease prevention, and invasive species control.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

COVID-19 crisis and the automotive industry in Mexico: public policies and firm strategies

The automotive industry's performance in Mexico was affected by the health and economic SARS-CoV2-crisis. As part of the complex North American supply chain, several factors influenced decision-making on crisis management. We determined the multilevel governance mechanisms to characterise the process of implementing activities. The productive performance of the industry, capacity utilisation rate per plant, employment, and foreign direct investment were evaluated. The federal government's support was scarce, although subnational governments were more sensitive to cooperate with stakeholders. Companies had to adapt to pandemic conditions and also to changes in the political and institutional environment driven by the USMCA and tensions between the USA and China. As a result, inward FDI flows and nearshoring practices are growing in the northern Mexican regions, stabilising the supply chains.

The Morning After: A Post-Binge Federal Shadow Budget for 2023

The combination of growth-enhancing and fiscally prudent policies will redress the damage COVID has done to federal fiscal capacity, and provide more resources Canadians will need to address an ageing population, climate change and the energy transition, subsequent pandemics, and challenges we do not yet foresee. The Main Estimates for the 2023/24 fiscal year will follow Public Sector Accounting Standards, and will appear before the start of the fiscal year, after appropriate vetting by the Treasury Board. Notwithstanding the federal government's rhetorical emphasis on global warming as an existential threat that requires costly curtailments of fossil fuel production and consumption, the purported economic costs of warming do not figure in its projections, nor do the fiscal costs of adapting and fixing the damage. The response to global warming is likely to be a drag on economic growth (Canadian Climate Institute 2022).

THE FEDERAL IT CRISIS: ADVOCATING FOR DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE ROBUST FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CYBER WORKFORCE

The COVID-19 pandemic has radically altered the federal government, demonstrating the need for increased attention and resources in combating cybersecurity threats and providing a modern digital government experience to constituents. A severe cyber skills gap within the federal government, coupled with an increasingly aging federal workforce, has left some federal agencies struggling to modernize. This crisis also presents unique opportunities. As the push for a technologically modern federal government grows along with recognition of the importance of federal cybersecurity, a number of possibilities for the modern federal agency have opened up and are on the path to becoming certainties. To take advantage of the opportunities presented by these changes and to best position their respective agencies going forward, Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and agency executives should prioritize solutions to attract, train, and retain a technologically savvy workforce. This requires carving out or seeking funding for different information technology (IT) pay scales to compete with private practice, rebranding the federal government to attract young talent, and centering customer experience in the design and development of new programs, websites, and digital services that serve as the bedrock of IT modernization.

Editor's picks on ModernHealthcare.com

This section offers news briefs in the U.S. healthcare industry as of January 2, 2023. Topics include a slowdown in healthcare spending growth in 2021 based on data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the proposal from MEDICARE CMS to raise Medicare Advantage marketing, rating stakes, and the value-based arrangements made by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts with four health systems that offer financial incentives for eliminating health disparities in outpatient care.

Psychological distress and its correlation with weight change in young adults in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic

This study aims to investigate the correlation between psychological distress and weight change in Malaysian young adults after the pandemic-led lockdowns. Socio-demographics, body height, body weight during the Movement Control Order 3.0 (MCO 3.0), and post-lockdown body weight (as of January 2022) were self-reported by the young adults. Psychological distress was assessed using a validated 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Of the 536 young adults, 54.1% experienced mild to extremely severe anxiety, 47.0% suffered mild to extremely severe depression, and 30.0% experienced mild to extremely severe stress in the post-lockdown pandemic phase. In reference to absolute weight change, 50.6% of the young adults gained weight due to confinement, with an average weight gain of 3.41 ± 2.49 kg. Conversely, 32.0% of the young adults had a lighter weight during the MCO 3.0 than before, with an average weight loss of 3.96 ± 2.76 kg. Additionally, the trajectory in body weight was also expressed in relative weight change. Findings revealed that 23.1% of the young adults gained weight in the post-lockdown pandemic phase, with an average relative weight gain of 9.04 ± 3.90%. On the contrary, approximately one-fifth (17.4%) of the young adults lost weight, with an average relative weight loss of −8.57 ± 2.79%. There were no significant correlations (p> 0.05) between depression, anxiety, and stress with absolute or relative weight change, even after controlling for the socio-demographic variation among young adults. The federal government of Malaysia should take necessary actions to alleviate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and reiterate the importance of sustaining a healthy body weight in young adults.

Relationship Between Adults’ Dietary Habits and Food Security Status Amid COVID-19

COVID-19 rapidly spread throughout the United States (US) early in 2020. In March, the US federal government mandated that all residents and citizens remain in quarantine to reduce the spread and ease the burden on the healthcare system, which unwillingly impacted the rise in unemployment. Even though these preventative measures were necessary, it may have unwillingly shifted dietary habits based on food security status.To identify adults’ demographics, dietary habits, and its relationship with food security status amid COVID-19.An online cross-sectional study was conducted between April – June 2020 throughout the United States. Participants (n = 3,133) completed a demographic questionnaire, the modified Dana-Farber's Cancer Institute Eating Habits Questionnaire and USDA Food Security Module once during the study period.Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated for demographics, dietary habits, and food security scores. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate relationships between dietary habits and food security status and correlations among demographics using STATA v14 at a statistical significance level of P < 0.05.Participants were White (84.5%), female (79.4%), and between the ages of 30 to 49 years old (30.2%). Participants increased their consumption of sweets (43.8%) and salty snacks (37.4%) and decreased their consumption of fruit (33.4%), poultry products (31%) and non-starchy vegetables (28.2%). Average scores for food security were 0.69 ± 1.77. Per each month, there was a relationship between dietary habits and food security status, April (P < 0.02), May (P < 0.000) and June (P < 0.03). A significant negative correlation was found for female sex (P = 0.009), race (P < 0.001), and age range (P < 0.001) with total dietary habits score.COVID-19 continues to affect individuals, which influences the relationship between dietary habits and food security status. Future population studies are recommended in the US to help public health authorities frame actions to alleviate the impact of COVID-19 has on dietary habits and food security to minimize the risk factors today and in future inevitable pandemics.

Micro models of COVID 19 pandemic governance: Reflections on the strategies taken by two states in India

Since the outbreak of the Covid 19 pandemic, governments across the world including India, a South-Asian country is busy ‘strategizing', ‘managing' ‘containing' the crisis to restrict its spread. But given the vastness and diversity of the Indian territory, one pan Indian model of is not possible and the states have been working in consonance with the centre in a matter of ‘cooperative federalism' and are implementing various micro models of Covid 19 governance. This paper explores the micro models of governance strategies taken by states in India namely, Kerala located in its Southern coast and Odisha in the Eastern coast which have been experiencing disasters be it health or natural calamities. Inspite of the differences in social development indicators between both the states, they have managed to keep the death rates lower in the initial phases of the outbreak in comparison to other states. This is reflected in the strategies they took in controlling the pandemic like "preparedness” "decentralisation”, "community participation”. However, inspite of deploying various governance models, the gradual unlocking led to the explosion of positive cases as a result of which the challenges to deal with the pandemic still looms large. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

On the Front Lines: Nonprofits in the Homeless-Serving Sector During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Revue Canadienne de Recherche sur les OSBL et l'Économie Sociale (ANSERJ)

Dans cet article, nous examinons les expériences d'organismes sans but lucratif (OSBL) qui ont offert des services aux sans-abris durant la premiere vague de la COVID-19. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené des entrevues qualitatives aupres des employés et des bénévoles des services de premiere ligne dans les deux plus grandes collectivités de la Nouvelle-Écosse au Canada. Les personnes rencontrées ont souligné la pression considérable exercée sur les ressources humaines, mais aussi leur capacité d'ajuster rapidement leurs prestations de services pour continuer de fournir leur appui. La plupart d'entre elles ont indiqué avoir reçu davantage de soutien en nature de la part du secteur privé et de La communauté ainsi que plus de financement du gouvernement federal, accompagné cependant de fardeaux administratifs et d'échéances serrées. D'autre part, les OSBL du secteur ont fait figure de chefs de file dans l'élaboration de mesures pour répondre aux besoins des sans-abris, y compris l'aménagement d'aires de confort, l'installation de toilettes portatives au centre-ville, et l'aménagement de personnes sans logement dans des hôtels. En outre, les OSBL ont demandé que le gouvernement intervienne pour loger les sans-abris en investissant dans de nouveaux logements et en augmentant les salaires des fournisseurs de services de premiere ligne. En meme temps, les OSBL du secteur ont indiqué que, a la suite de leur réponse a la COVID-19, ils ont pu mener des actions intersectorielles avec les acteurs gouvernementaux et d'autres OSBL et améliorer leurs communications et leurs relations avec ceux-ci.Alternate :This article examines the experiences of the nonprofit, homeless-serving sector during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative interviews were conducted with staff and volunteers from frontline organizations in the two largest communities in Nova Scotia, Canada. Participants reported much strain on their organizations' human resources, but also the ability to adjust service delivery mechanisms quickly in order to continue offering supports. Most reported greater in-kind contributions from businesses and community members as well as more funding from the federal government in particular, albeit with administrative burdens and defined timelines. Nonprofits played a leadership role in developing responses to serve the needs of those experiencing lessness, developing comfort centres, installing portable toilets in downtown locations, and moving those without housing into hotels. They also advocated to government for state-level responses to those without housing, including calls to invest in new units and enhance funding for frontline service providers. At the same time, nonprofits reported working across sectors, noting better communication and relationships with state actors as well as other nonprofit organizations as a result of their COVID-19 response. RÉSUMÉ

A County-Level COVID-19 Response

Accurate COVID-19 information has seemed contradictory and inconvenient to find since the beginning of the pandemic in March of 2020. There are many sources that could be blamed for this, including the newspapers, Facebook, or the government itself at federal or even county levels. But where does the average user stand in their ability to access and understand accurate, relevant information relating to COVID-19? We explored twelve county websites picked from six states across the country—Washington, New York, Nevada, Kansas, Louisiana, and Ohio—to see how effective and accessible information at the county-level response differs between Democrat and Republican-leaning states, when those counties acted, and how the information compares regarding lockdowns, vaccines, and quality-of-life documents (such as unemployment forms and aid) during the pandemic. For a birds-eye view of this government information problem, we have chosen to highlight five of these sites to provide a brief look at our findings, which includes observations on population size, political leanings, and information availability and accessibility. [ FROM AUTHOR]